了解你根据联合国公约而获得的和平示威权的具体内容，何为和平？何为非暴力？扰乱他人日常活动是镇压示威的合法理由吗？推推攘攘算是暴力吗？即便存在严重暴力，个别成员的暴力行为是否是镇压整个示威活动的理由？公民不服从法律（civil disobedience）是否是镇压示威的理由吗？示威一定需要提前告诉当局吗？无差别性的集体逮捕（mass arrest）是合法的吗？违反某些国内法的集会就是非法的吗？当局有权要求集会者离开市区吗？集会者有权要求在目标观众的视线和声音范围内展开集会吗？ 参与者有权携带被视为或可能被视为武器的物品包括防毒面具或头盔等防护装备吗？参与者可以搭建他们需要的临时建筑物吗？
如果别人有暴力行为，你会失去集会的权利吗? Do you lose your right to assemble if others commit violent acts? 不! No!
不能因部分参与者的暴力行为而认定整个集会具有暴力倾向。 The violence of some participants does not render the whole assembly violent.
不能因部分参与者的孤立暴力行为而归咎于其他参与者、组织者或集会本身。Isolated acts of violence by some participants should not be attributed to others, the organisers or to the assembly as such.
仅仅推推搡搡，或干扰车辆或行人的行动或日常活动，这些并不构成暴力。Mere pushing and shoving or disruption of vehicular or pedestrian movement or daily activities do not ammount to violence.
集体性的公民不服从（法律）或直接行动是许可的，只要它们是非暴力的。Collective civil disobedience or direct-action campaigns are permissible provided that they are non-violent.
如果集会中确实有暴力参与者，这并不意味着当局可以对抗议者过度使用武力。If an assembly does include violent participants, this does not mean the authorities can use excessive force against protesters.
执法机构和官员必须使用最低限度的武力来防止暴力或非法行为，绝不能仅仅为了驱散集会而使用枪支。Law enforcement agencies and officers must use minimum force to prevent acts of violence or unlawfulness and firearms must never be used simply to disperse an assembly.
对于没有足够时间发出告知的自发性集会，当局不得要求发出告知。Notification must not be required for spontaneous assemblies for which there is not enough time to provide notice.
未按规定把即将举行的集会告知当局，并不表示参加集会的行为是非法的。Failure to notify the authorities of an upcoming assembly, where required, does not render the act of participation in the assembly unlawful.
在集会之前、期间或之后进行无差别性的集体逮捕的做法是专横和非法的。 Practices of indiscriminate mass arrest prior to, during or following an assembly ar arbitrary and unlawful.
除了极少数例外情形下，对目标个人进行预防性拘留以阻止他们参加抗议活动很可能是非法的，特别是如果拘留持续超过几个小时。Preventative detention of targeted individuals to keep them from participating in a protest, unless in very narrow circumstances, is likely to be unlawful, especially if the detention lasts for over a few hours.
你能把设备带到会场吗? Can you bring equipment to assemblies? 是的!Yes!
旗帜、制服、标语和横幅应被视为合法的表达形式，不应受到限制。Flags, uniforms, signs and banners are to be regarded as legitimate forms of expression that should not be restricted.
参与者应自行决定是否使用海报、扩音器、乐器等设备或其他技术手段(如防护设备)来传达他们的信息。Participants should be left to determine whether they want to use equipment such as posters, megaphones, musical instruments or other technical means, such as proection equipment, to convey their message.
集会可能需要临时搭建建筑物，包括音响系统，以传达信息给观众或以其他方式达到目的。
Assemblies may entail the temporary erection of structures, including sound systems, to reach their audience or otherwise achieve their purpose.
你可以在哪里举行集会? Where can you hold an assembly?
考虑到集会通常具有的表达性，参与者有权尽可能在目标观众的视线和声音范围内进行集会。Given the typically expressive nature of assemblies, participants must as far as possible be enabled to conduct assemblies within sight and sound of their target audience.
和平集会不应被放逐到偏僻地区，因为在那些地方，他们无法有效地吸引目标听众或公众的注意力。 Peaceful assemblies should not be relegated to remote areas where they cannot effectively capture the attention of those who are being addressed, or the general public.
以上主要内容请查阅联合国人权委员会对联合国公民权利和政治权利国际公约中第21条和平示威权（the rights of peaceful assembly）的解释，具体条文见General comment No. 37 (2020) on the right of peaceful assembly (article 21)，尤其是以下内容：
第二：和平集会权的范围
Scope of the right of peaceful assembly
15.“和平”集会与以广泛和严重暴力为特征的集会形成鲜明对比。因此，“和平”和“非暴力”这两个词在这方面可以互换使用。根据定义，和平集会的权利不得行使暴力。第21条所指的"暴力"通常是指参与者对他人使用可能造成伤害或死亡或对财产的严重损坏的武力。单纯的推推搡搡，或干扰车辆或行人的行动或日常活动，这些并不构成“暴力”。A “peaceful” assembly stands in contradistinction to one characterized by widespread and serious violence.The terms “peaceful” and “non-violent” are thus used interchangeably in this context.The right of peaceful assembly may, by definition, not be exercised using violence.“Violence” in the context of article 21 typically entails the use by participants of physical force against others that is likely to result in injury or death, or serious damage to property.Mere pushing and shoving or disruption of vehicular or pedestrian movement or daily activities do not amount to “violence”.
16.如果集会参与者的行为是和平的，其组织者或参与者未满足与集会有关的某些国内法律的要求这一事实本身并不导致参与者不受第21条的保护范围。集体性的公民不服从（法律）或直接行动运动可被第21条涵盖，只要他们是非暴力的。If the conduct of participants in an assembly is peaceful, the fact that certain domestic legal requirements pertaining to an assembly have not been met by its organizers or participants does not, on its own, place the participants outside the scope of the protection of article 21.Collective civil disobedience or direct action campaigns can be covered by article 21, provided that they are non-violent.
17.和平的集会和非和平的集会之间并不总是有明确的分界线，但通常情况下应优先推定认为集会是和平的。此外，不能因部分参与者的孤立暴力行为而归咎于其他参与者、组织者或集会本身。因此，可能出现这样的情况，一个集会的某些参加者受第21条的保护，而同一集会的其他人则不受保护。There is not always a clear dividing line between assemblies that are peaceful and those that are not, but there is a presumption in favour of considering assemblies to be peaceful. Moreover,isolated acts of violence by some participants should not be attributed to others, to the organizers or to the assembly as such.Thus, some participants in anassembly may be covered by article 21, while others in the same assembly are not.
18.一个集会是否和平的问题必须指的是源自参与者的暴力行为。不能因当局对和平集会参与者施行的暴力，或代表当局的密探对和平集会参与者施行的暴力而认定集会是不和平的。该条同样适用于普通公众或反示威者对示威集会成员施行的暴力。The question of whether or not an assembly is peaceful must be answered with reference to violence that originates from the participants.Violence against participants in a peaceful assembly by the authorities, or by agents provocateurs acting on their behalf, does not render the assembly non-peaceful.The same applies to violence by members of the public aimed at the assembly, or by participants in counterdemonstrations.
20. 参与者携带被视为或可能被视为武器的物品，或防毒面具或头盔等防护装备，这并不一定足以认定这些参与者的行为是暴力行为。这必须根据个案加以确定，除其他因素外，还取决于该国对携带武器(特别是枪支)的规定和当地文化习俗，以及是否有证据证明存在暴力意图，还有，这些物体的存在本身是否会带来暴力风险。The carrying by participants of objects that are or could be viewed as weapons or of protective equipment such as gas masks or helmets is not necessarily sufficient to deem those participants’ conduct violent.That has to be determined on a case-by-case basis, dependent on, among other considerations, domestic regulation on the carrying of weapons (especially firearms), local cultural practices, whether there is evidence of violent intent, and the risk of violence presented by the presence of such objects.
第三：缔约国关于和平集会权利的义务
Obligation of States parties regarding the right of peaceful assembly
21。《公约》规定缔约国有义务“尊重和确保”《公约》中的所有权利；并且为达到这一目的而采取法律和其他措施；并对违反公约权力的行为进行追究责任，提供有效补救。因此，缔约国关于和平集会权利的义务包括这些不同的因素，尽管这项权利在某些情况下可能根据第21条所列的标准受到限制。因此，缔约国关于和平集会权利的义务包括这些不同的因素，尽管这项权利在某些情况下可能根据第21条所列的标准受到限制。21. The Covenant imposes the obligation on States parties “to respect and to ensure” all the rights in the Covenant (art.2 (1));to take legal and other measures to achieve this purpose (art.2 (2));and to pursue accountability, and provide effective remedies for violations of Covenant rights (art.2 (3)).The obligation of States parties regarding the right of peaceful assembly thus comprises these various elements, although the right may in some cases be restricted according to the criteria listed in article 21.
22.各国必须让与会者自由决定集会的目的或任何他们想要表达的内容。因此，当局对待和平集会的方式和施加的任何限制在原则上必须是中立的，不应以参与者的身份或他们与当局的关系为基础。此外，虽然集会的时间、地点和方式在某些情况下可能受到第21条规定的合法限制，但由于集会通常具有的表达性质，必须尽可能保证集会者在目标观众的视线和声音范围内展开集会。22.States must leave it to the participants to determine freely the purpose or any expressive content of an assembly. The approach of the authorities to peaceful assemblies and any restrictions imposed must thus in principle be content neutral, and must not be based on the identity of the participants or their relationship with the authorities.Moreover, while the time, place and manner of assemblies may under some circumstances be the subject of legitimate restrictions under article 21, given the typically expressive nature of assemblies,participants must as far as possible be enabled to conduct assemblies within sight and sound of their target audience.
23.尊重和确保和平集会的义务，使各缔约国在集会之前、期间和之后都负有消极和积极的责任。其消极义务包括不得无故干涉和平集会。例如，在没有令人信服理由的情况下，各缔约国不得禁止、限制、阻挡、驱散或扰乱和平集会，也不得在没有正当理由的情况下制裁参与者或组织者。23.The obligation to respect and ensure peaceful assemblies imposes negative and positive duties on States before, during and after assemblies. The negative duty entails that there be no unwarranted interference with peaceful assemblies.States are obliged, for example, not to prohibit, restrict, block, disperse or disrupt peaceful assemblies without compelling justification, nor to sanction participants or organizers without legitimate cause.
24. 此外，缔约国负有某些积极的责任，以促进和平集会，并使与会者能够实现其目标。因此，各国必须不带歧视态度地促进一个有利的环境，以便让人们行使和平集会的权利，并建立一个法律和制度框架，以便让人们有效地行使这项权利。有时可能需要有关当局采取具体措施。例如，他们可能需要封锁街道，改变交通方向或提供安全保障。在必要时，国家还必须保护参与者免受非国家派遣者的可能的虐待，例如来自其他公众成员、反示威者和私人保安对集会示威者的干预或暴力。24. Moreover, States parties have certain positive duties to facilitate peaceful assemblies and to make it possible for participants to achieve their objectives.States must thus promote an enabling environment for the exercise of the right of peaceful assembly without discrimination, and put in place a legal and institutional framework within which the right can be exercised effectively. Specific measures may sometimes be required on the part of the authorities. For example, they may need to block off streets, redirect traffic or provide security. Where needed, States must also protect participants against possible abuse by non-State actors, such as interference or violence by other members of the public,counterdemonstrators and private security providers.
